Polysubstance Abuse
Written by Jonathan Strum
& Medically Reviewed by Maureen McNulty
Medically Reviewed
Last updated:
Last Updated - 07/25/23
View our editorial policyDrinking heavily while on prescription drugs is a form of polysubstance abuse, and it could lead to potentially dangerous side effects. Learn more about polysubstance abuse and how to avoid it.
Polysubstance abuse happens when someone misuses more than one substance at a time or misuses multiple substances at different times within a short period.
People mix substances for many reasons. They may take multiple drugs with similar effects in order to amplify each drug’s effects. They may also take drugs with opposing effects in order to try to minimize negative side effects. Polysubstance abuse commonly occurs when people purposely combine substances while partying. Others engage in polysubstance abuse when they drink at unsafe levels while prescription drugs are still in their system.
A study of young people across many European countries found that those who drank heavily were 2–6 times more likely to use cannabis and 2–9 times more likely to use cocaine. Additionally, people who used cannabis regularly were 4–25 times more likely to use cocaine. Teens who drink heavily are also more likely to misuse prescription drugs.
Polydrug use can be dangerous. Though mixing drugs can increase the positive side effects, it can also elevate the negative ones. It can also make a person more likely to overdose.
What Is Polysubstance Abuse?
Forms of substance misuse include:
Forms of Substance Abuse
Drinking heavily, rather than in moderation
Misusing a prescription drug by not taking it as prescribed or by using someone else’s prescription
Using any illicit drug
Using drugs or alcohol for pleasure or to avoid problems
Polysubstance abuse is defined by misusing two or more substances at the same time or within a short period of time. Examples of polysubstance abuse include using multiple club drugs or taking someone else’s painkillers while drinking.
Common Drugs for Polysubstance Abuse
Alcohol is the most common substance involved in polysubstance abuse. Other substances that are often misused include:
Commonly Abused Substances
Central nervous system depressants, such as benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium) or sleep medications
Cocaine
Hallucinogens, such as LSD, DMT or salvia
Marijuana
Prescription opioid painkillers
Certain drug combinations may be more common than others, depending on the overall effect a person is looking for. A person who mixes substances may be trying to:
Increase Their High
Someone may use two drugs with similar effects in order to feel a stronger effect. For example, some people mix cocaine and heroin in a process known as “speedballing.”
Reduce Side Effects of One Drug by Taking Another
A person may take an “upper” (a stimulant) along with a “downer” (a depressant). These two drugs have counteracting effects, and mixing them may reduce each drug’s negative side effects.
Lessen Their Withdrawal Symptoms
Someone taking heroin may not have constant access to the drug, and they can experience withdrawal symptoms if they don’t take their next dose quickly enough. They may take benzodiazepines or other depressants to try to treat withdrawal symptoms in between doses.
Reduce Pain
A person who is taking prescription painkillers but wants further pain relief may also take marijuana, alcohol or other pain medications.
Dangers of Polysubstance Abuse
Mixing drugs can lead to a variety of negative side effects, depending on which drugs are taken. Combining drugs usually leads to short-term side effects, long-term physical or mental health issues and problems with dependence or addiction. Polysubstance abuse is also more likely to result in an overdose. Among young adults, the number of hospitalizations for combined drug and alcohol overdoses has risen in recent years.
Any substance can potentially create negative side effects while they’re in a person’s system, but polysubstance use can make these side effects worse. Sometimes, substances may also affect each other in surprising ways and result in unexpected effects. Some drug combinations are even fatal. There are a few reasons why mixing substances can be so harmful:
Polysubstance abuse can also lead to long-term health problems. Those who use multiple drugs have a higher risk of overdose and often end up with damage to organs such as the liver, kidneys, heart, and brain. In some cases, one substance can worsen the long-term effects of another substance. For example, people who inject drugs are at risk of getting hepatitis C, and the combination of this virus and heavy drinking can result in severe liver damage.
When a person uses multiple types of drugs, they are more likely to neglect their responsibilities or have financial, legal or relationship problems. For example, students who use multiple substances are more likely to miss school, and drivers are more likely to get into accidents.
Treating Polysubstance Abuse
Getting treatment for multiple drug addictions can be challenging because a person’s body may respond to different drugs in different ways. A person may become dependent on one substance but not another, or they may become dependent on several. A person could potentially have to recover from many things at once.
The detox process may be more challenging for people who are dealing with dependence on multiple substances. In addition, a person may have more severe or long-lasting withdrawal symptoms if they try to detox from several things at once. Rehab may also be more difficult because treatments may not work as well. For example, many substances interact with methadone and can make it less effective.
In one study, over half of people entering an addiction treatment program for the first time reported using other substances. Unfortunately, treatment is less likely to be effective when people use multiple drugs. A good drug addiction treatment program should be able to evaluate and address each substance a person is taking, as well as address any physical or mental health problems they may be dealing with.
If you are struggling with polysubstance abuse, The Recovery Village Palm Beach at Baptist Health can help. Our professional treatment programs can help you detox safely, build new habits and learn how to live a substance-free life. Contact us today to learn more about treatment options that can work well for your situation.
View Sources
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. “Polydrug Use: Patterns and Responses.” 2009. Accessed December 23, 2019.
McCabe, Sean; Veliz, Philip; Patrick, Megan E. “High-intensity drinking and nonmedical use of prescription drugs: Results from a national survey of 12th grade students.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, September 1, 2017. Accessed December 23, 2019.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Commonly Abused Drugs Charts.” July 2019. Accessed December 23, 2019.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. “The Science of Drug Use and Addiction: The Basics.” July 2018. Accessed December 23, 2019.
State Library New South Wales. “What is polydrug use?” August 22, 2017. Accessed December 23, 2019.
Wang, Linwei; Min, Jeong Eun; Krebs, Emanuel; et al. “Polydrug use and its association with drug treatment outcomes among primary heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine users.” International Journal of Drug Policy, November 2017. Accessed December 23, 2019.
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